Team 5: Perceptual mapping

In today's class we learnt what is multi-dimensional scaling and how to use the Permap software to represent a brand's perception of each of the team members on a map. The proximity of two brands show that they are similar and vice-versa. We can also represent two brands' perception in a binary form by taking two opposite axes. (eg: we took Like vs Dislike in the case of beverages).

Multidimensional Scaling:

The purpose of multidimensional scaling (MDS) is to provide a visual representation of the pattern of proximities (i.e., similarities or distances) among a set of objects. For example, given a matrix of perceived similarities between various brands of beverages, MDS plots the brands on a map such that those brands that are perceived to be very similar to each other are placed near each other on the map, and those brands that are perceived to be very different from each other are placed far away from each other on the map.

Perceptual Mapping:

Perceptual maps are often used in brand research to represent consumers’ perceptions of brands or products on two or more dimensions represented by X- and Y-axes, each with ends that have opposite meaning (e.g. bitter vs. sweet, cheap vs. expensive).  Each brand has a position in the perceptual map space that reflects their relative similarity or preference to other brands with regards to the dimensions of the perceptual map.  With the help of perceptual maps we can transform consumer judgments of similarity or preference into distances represented in a multidimensional space. 

Sources:

http://www.analytictech.com/borgatti/mds.htm

http://www.relevantinsights.com/tag/perceptual-map

download the school data for school report cards from the dise website

To download school data from the website:

1. Click on the print option above the data.

2. When clicked on print option a pop-window appears on screen where option for saving the document is available.(If pop-up window is not appearing check whether the window is blocked by the browser and select allow pop-up window option.)

Team 5- Today's session key take aways regarding the term paper

The key take aways regarding term paper:

1.Understanding of current situation : (Based on information about the term paper)
2. Preparation of Infographics : (One or two based and Data -driven)
3. Preparation of Graphs along with the observations: (4-5 graphs)
4. Hypothesis: (Inline with objectives of the term paper)
5. Definitions and Formulas:

Team-2 ( Types of Excel graphs)

There are many graphs or charts available in spreadsheet programs such as Excel and each has it own uses. They are as follows:

• Bar graphs
• Line graphs
• Scatter plot graphs
• pie charts

Bar graphs: Bar graphs also called column graphs are one of the most common types of graph used to display data. These are mostly used to show amounts or the number of times a value occurs. The amounts are displayed using a vertical bar or rectangle. The taller the bar, the greater number of times the value occurs.

http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/spreadsheetlessons/ss/excel_graph_use_2.htm

Line graphs: Line graphs are used to plot changes in data over time, such as monthly temperature changes or daily changes in stock market prices. They can also be used to plot data recorded from scientific experiments, such as how a chemical reacts to changing temperature or atmospheric pressure.

http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/spreadsheetlessons/ss/excel_graph_use_3.htm

Scatter plot graphs: Scatter plot graphs are used to show trends in data. They are especially useful when you have a large number of data points.

            When compared  line graphs connect the dots or points of data to show every change, whereas a scatter plot you draw a "best fit"line. The data points are scattered about the line. The closer the data points are to the line the stronger the correlation or affect one variable has on the other.

http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/spreadsheetlessons/ss/excel_graph_use_4.htm

Pie charts: Pie charts do not use horizontal and vertical axes to plot points like the others. They are used to chart only one variable at a time. As a result, it can only be used to show percentages.

The circle of pie charts represents 100%. The circle is subdivided into slices representing data values. The size of each slice shows what part of the 100% it represents.

http://spreadsheets.about.com/od/spreadsheetlessons/ss/excel_graph_use_5.htm

Bubble charts: Bubble charts are one way to show three dimensions of data in a flat 2D chart.  Bubble charts can facilitate the understanding of social, economical, medical, and other scientific relationships.

Bubble charts can be considered a variation of the scatter plot, in which the data points are replaced with bubbles.

Bubble Charts in excel and in R

A Bubble chart is a variation of a Scatter chart in which the data points are replaced with bubbles. A Bubble chart can be used instead of a Scatter chart if your data has three data series, each of which contains a set of values. In a Bubble chart, the size of the bubbles is determined by the values in the third data series. Bubble charts are often used to present financial data. We are not limited to the circular markers provided by default in bubble charts. We can use the technique described in custom chart series markers to use any shape you want for the markers. Motion charts are animated bubble charts. They track the performance of important things over time (in two dimensions). This is chart with 4 dimensions. But not all data with 4 dimensions can be plotted as a motion chart. One dimension has to be time, and another has to be linked to the importance of the item. we can also turn any bubble chart into a quadrant chart. This is useful if you want to categorize your data a little further by using a common layout like it is used in a SWOT or market attractiveness analysis. 

Making bubble charts in R:

Step 1:                    

Download R and load the data into R for which a bubble chart has to be created. A .csv file with data in it can be read into R using the command read.csv

Step 2:

Circles can be drawn using the command symbols() and the values for x-axis, y-axis and bubbles are given. By default,symbols() sizes the largest bubble to one inch, and then scales the rest accordingly. It can be changed by using the inches argument.

Step 3:

To change the color of the bubbles we can use the arguments fg and bg to change the foreground and background colors respectively.

Eg:

symbols(table$cloumnname1, table$columnname2, circles=radius, inches=0.35, fg="white", bg="red", xlab="  ", ylab="  ")

The xlab and ylab arguments are used to name the X-axis and Y-axis.

The shapes of the bubbles can be changed by changing the values in the “inches” argument. This changes the shape of the circle to square or any other shape.

Sources:

http://office.microsoft.com/en-in/excel-help/creating-a-bubble-chart-HA001117076.aspx

http://www.performance-ideas.com/2011/04/05/bubble-charts-cognos/

http://flowingdata.com/2010/11/23/how-to-make-bubble-charts/

Team 3 :Bubble chart and Hans Rosling

bubble chart is not only used for representation of data with the additional information along with x-axis and y-axis with data of time period  this extended in large to form the visualisations famously knows as motion chart.hans rosling is the famous medical doctor, statistician he born in sweden but studied higher education india but majority of his work  done

is  in medical services in rural areas across the world .he was one of the cofounder of the gapminder foundation along with his son and daughter in law.Gapminder foundation received several awards for the visualize of the web development in the world he worked in famous organisations like WHO,UNICEF.

One Example for Bubble chart

source

http://www.webanalyticsindia.com/2009-11-20/motion-chart-in-excel/

TEAM 4

Data Cleaning:

        Data cleaning is a process of detecting and correcting corrupted data or inaccurate data from a record set or tables or database. It is mainly used in databases and the term refers to identifying incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate, irrelevant data from parts of the data and then replacing or modifying or deleting the data.

         Data cleaning differs from data validation in that validation almost invariably means data is rejected from the system at entry and is performed at entry time, rather than on batches of data.The actual process of data cleansing may involve removing typographical errors or validating and correcting values against a known list of entities.Data cleansing may also involve activities like, harmonization of data, and standardization of data. For example, harmonization of short codes (St, rd etc.) to actual words (street, road). Standardization of data is a means of changing a reference data set to a new standard, ex, use of standard codes.

        There  are various types of charts how data can be visible clear in charts.

Bar Chart:

      A bar graph is a chart that uses either horizontal or vertical bars to show comparisons among categories. One axis of the chart shows the specific categories being compared, and the other axis represents a discrete value. Some bar graphs present bars clustered in groups of more than one (grouped bar graphs).Bar charts are usually scaled so that all the data can fit on the chart. Bars on the chart may be arranged in any order. Bar charts arranged from highest to lowest incidence are called Pareto charts. Normally, bars showing frequency will be arranged in chronological (time) sequence.

  

                         

Bubble chart:

A bubble chart is a type of chart that displays three dimensions of data.Bubble charts can be considered a variation of the scatter plot, in which the data points are replaced with bubbles.This type of chart can be used instead of a Scatter chart if your data has three data series, each of which contains a set of values.

We have to choose the size of bubbles correctly.